Objective This study explored whether lipid disorders or an elevated atherogenic index of plasma (AIP, a risk factor for cardiovascular diseases) could predict major kidney function decline. Methods We conducted a retrospective 7-year cohort study of 3712 Chinese adults followed up between 2010 and 2017. Major kidney function decline was defined as a >= 30% reduction in the estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) from baseline. Multivariable logistic regression models were used to evaluate the relationship between lipid profiles and major kidney function decline. Smoking habits, waist circumference, and physical activity were not assessed. Results During the 7-year follow-up, 1.70% (n = 63) of the participants developed major kidney function decline. After adjustment for potential confounders, the odds ratios (ORs) for developing eGFR decline with per standard deviation increase were 1.23 [95% confidence interval (CI): 1.06-1.43] for triglyceride and 2.55 (95% CI: 1.01-6.42) for AIP in all participants. Furthermore, in the stratified analysis, we found sex-related differences; triglyceride and AIP were only independently associated with the risk of eGFR decline in men (OR, 1.27, 95% CI: 1.08-1.48; OR, 3.98, 95% CI: 1.22-12.99, respectively). When the participants were divided into groups according to the baseline lipid status, association was observed only between abnormal AIP and eGFR decline (all p values < 0.05). Conclusion Our findings suggest that a higher serum triglyceride level or an elevated AIP increases the risk of major kidney function decline in Chinese men with normal kidney function. Thus, assessment of AIP may help identify the risk of eGFR decline.