It has been shown that the neural control of renal function is exerted by the CNS via sympathetic innervations of the kidneys. Developments in neural circuit researches over the past two decades have given us remarkable insight into the renal disorders. Whether the information is neurochemical and neural circuitry structural, a range of renal diseases will undoubtedly benefit from an improved scientific understanding of the pathophysiologic changes that occur in the neural circuits. In this review, we explore the neural circuit mechanisms of renal diseases from experimental and clinical studies. Further studies should be undertaken to elucidate the nature of deep brain stimulation so that we may more effectively apply the neurostimulation to avoid these special complications.