To investigate the interaction and involvement of sodium hydrosulfide (NaHS), a H2S donor, on hippocampus of rats suffering from sepsis-associated encephalopathy, rats were subjected to cecal ligation and puncture (CLP)-induced sepsis. Adult male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into four groups: Sham group, CLP group, CLP+NaHS group and CLP+aminooxyacetic acid (AOAA, an inhibitor of H2S formation) group. The four groups were observed at 3, 6, 9, 12 h after treatment. We examined hippocampal H2S synthesis and the expression of cystathionine-beta-synthetase (CBS), a major enzyme involved in the H2S synthesis in hippocampus. CBS expression was detected by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). The concentrations of inflammatory cytokines (TNF-alpha, IL-1 beta) were determined in hippocampus by using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Neuronal damage was studied by histological examination of hippocampus. In CLP group, H2S synthesis was significantly increased in hippocampus compared with sham group and it peaked 3 h after CLP (P < 0.05). Sepsis also resulted in a significantly upregulated CBS mRNA in hippocampus. The levels of TNF-alpha and IL-1 beta in the hippocampus were substantially elevated at each time point of measurement (P < 0.05), and they also reached a peak value at about 3 h. Administration of NaHS significantly aggravated sepsis-associated hippocampus inflammation, as evidenced by TNF-alpha and IL-1 beta activity and histological changes in hippocampus. In septic rats pretreated with AOAA, sepsis-associated hippocampus inflammation was reduced. It is concluded that the rats subjected to sepsis may suffer from brain injury and elevated pro-inflammatory cytokines are responsible for the process. Furthermore, administration of H2S can increase injurious effects and treatment with AOAA can protect the brain from injury.