Background The impact of various meteorological factors on rotavirus (RV) infection has been previously studied; however, few studies have explored the association between short-term exposure to air pollutants and RV infection. Methods Daily RV positive cases among children aged 0-6 years were collected from July 2014 to August 2019 in Tongji hospital (Wuhan, China). Daily data on air temperature and air pollutants were obtained from the China Meteorological Network. A distributed lag model to explore the lagged effects of short-term exposure to air pollutants and RV infection was performed. The distribution lag model was used to study the lag effect of short-term exposure to air pollutants and RV infection. Results RV infection was negatively correlated with mean air temperature and O-3 concentration. The RV infection risk decreased by 5.2% and 0.47% for every 1celcius increase in average temperature and 1 ug/m(3) increase in O-3 concentration, respectively. Increased PM2.5, SO2, and NO2 concentrations were independent risk factors for an increase in positive rates; their relative risk values were 1.0014 (95% confidence interval [CI], 1.0013-1.0015), 1.0050 (95% CI, 1.0047-1.0053), and 1.0030 (95% CI, 1.0028-1.0032), respectively. The highest RV-positive rates were from January to March and November to December. Additionally, children <18 months of age and boys were more vulnerable to infection. Conclusions Air pollutants were important factors impacting the RV-positivity of children in Wuhan. These findings may help develop an early environment-based warning system to prevent and control RV infection.