The effects of the transplanted bone morphogenetic protein-2 (BMP2) -related peptide P24 and rhBMP(2) combined with poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA)/chitosan (CS) microspheres were investigated in promoting the repair of rat cranial bone defect. Forty white rats were selected and equally divided into four groups (group A: 1 mu g of rhBMP(2)/PLGA/CS composite; group B: 3 mg of P24/PLGA/CS composite; group C: 0.5 mu g of rhBMP(2) + 1.5 mg of P24/PLGA/CS composite; group D: blank PLGA/CS material), and rat cranial bone defect models with a diameter of 5 mm were established. The materials were transplanted to the cranial bone defects. The animals were sacrificed on weeks 6 and 12 post-operation. Radiographic examinations (x-ray imaging and 3D CT scanning) and histological evaluations were performed. The repaired areas of cranial bone defects were measured, and the osteogenetic abilities of various materials were compared. Cranial histology, imaging, and repaired area measurements showed that the osteogenetic effects at two time points (weeks 6 and 12) in group C were better than those in groups A and B. The effects in groups A and B were similar. Group D achieved the worst repair effect of cranial bone defects, where a large number of fibrous connective tissues were observed. The PLGA/CS composite microspheres loaded with rhBMP(2) and P24 had optimal concrescence and could mutually increase their osteogenesis capability. rhBMP(2) + P24/PLGA/CS composite is a novel material for bone defect repair with stable activity to induce bone formation.