BackgroundDiet-related knowledge, attitudes, and behaviors (KABs) are important for building healthier dietary patterns. We conducted this study to (a) investigate diet conditions of Chinese adult residents from the perspective of knowledge, attitudes, and behaviors, and (b) assess the association between diet-related KABs and self-rated health.MethodsWe analyzed the 2015 China Health and Nutrition Survey (CHNS) data. Individuals aged 18years and older were included as study subjects (n=12,814), assessing their diet-related knowledge, attitudes, behaviors, and self-rated health. Comparison of diet-related KABs in urban and rural residents was conducted using chi-square test. Ordinal logistic regression analysis was adopted to examine the association between diet-related KABs and self-rated health.ResultsThe proportion of knowing about the Chinese Food Pagoda (CFP) or the Dietary Guidelines for Chinese Residents (DGCR) was 27.1%. 34.3% of the participants were assessed as having adequate dietary knowledge literacy. 24.3% reported a positive attitude towards healthy eating. 27.6 and 65.9% of the participants reported proactively looking for nutrition knowledge and preferring eating fruits & vegetables, respectively. Chi-square test indicated that rural people experienced poorer diet-related knowledge, attitudes, and behaviors than urban residents (all p-values <0.01). Regression analysis revealed that participants who knew about CFP/DGCR (OR=1.11, 95% CI=1.08-1.15), had adequate dietary knowledge literacy (OR=1.12, 95% CI=1.10-1.15), held positive attitude towards healthy eating (OR=1.14, 95% CI=1.09-1.19), proactively looked for nutrition knowledge (OR=1.11, 95% CI=1.08-1.15), and preferred eating fruits & vegetables (OR=1.09, 95% CI=1.07-1.12) had significantly better self-rated health.ConclusionsChinese adult residents experienced poor diet-related knowledge, attitudes, and behaviors. Rural people had significantly worse diet conditions than urban residents. Better diet-related knowledge, attitudes, and behaviors were associated with higher self-rated health in Chinese adult residents.