Introduction: Peripheral neuropathy (PN), one of the commonest neurological complications of chronic kidney disease (CKD), was associated with physical limitation. Studies showed that a decrease in physical capability in patients with CKD is related with an increased risk of mortality. The objective of our research was to directly explore the relationship between PN and risk of mortality in patients with CKD. Method: 1,836 participants with CKD and 6,036 participants without CKD, which were classified by PN based on monofilament examination in National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES), were collected from the 1999 to 2004 National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys. Multivariable Cox proportional hazard models were conducted to assess the relationships of PN and deaths in patients with CKD and non-CKD. Results: During 14 years of a median follow-up from 1999 to 2015 and 2004 to 2015, 1,072 (58.4%) and 1,389 (23.0%) deaths were recorded in participants with CKD and without CKD, respectively. PN was related with increased all-cause mortality even after adjusting possible confounding factors in population with CKD (hazard ratio [HR] 1.34, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.17-1.53) and without CKD (HR 1.27, 95% CI 1.12-1.43). And the adjusted HRs (95% CI) for cardiovascular mortality of the people with CKD and without CKD who suffered from PN were 1.42 (1.07, 1.90) and 1.23 (0.91, 1.67), respectively, versus those without PN. Conclusion: PN was related with a higher risk of all-cause and cardiovascular death in people with CKD, which clinically suggests that the adverse prognostic impact of PN in the CKD population deserves attention and is an important target for intervention.